Example Of Concepts And Cases 9th Edition Name Essay

Main objective The study objective views the traditional moral codes and how they affected the society. The study of how the definitive policy decisions that are made by public officials have always brought conflicting ethical issues.Introduction In the past, public administration was recognized as a critical issue of government being involved I n moral issues. Policy decision that were made by government officials often had conflicting issues whether to give precedence to the public interest or to narrow the demands of the professionals. Public officials have found themselves in an ambivalent position that has led to sensitive administrative theorists. Chester Bernard said that the chief qualification of an executive is the ability to resolve the competing ethical codes, legal, technical, personal, professional and the organizational codes. The administrator's quality and strength is determined in the capacity to deal effectively with the moral complexities of the organizations without being stopped by the imposed problem of choice. Weak responsibility and limited capability should not hinder him or her in administration. Another administration theorist Paul Appleby says that the institutional arrangement in government provides effective safeguards that ensure ethical administration behavior. He further argues that, however, this traditional constitutional arrangement like federalism, balances and check don’t apply in the protection against the immoral balances; its two institutional safeguards are always best guarantees of the administrative morality. The two are: ballot box and hierarchy. Through this ballot box, the electorate judges do performance of the government at the periodic levels while through hierarchy there are important issues and discussions that are done on performance of the government at periodic intervals.
Traditional moral codes, immoralities and involvement of governments in moral issues. Cases study the United States governments.Public morality and private morality There is a distinction and conflict between the two moralities. In public office, morality is a mere matter of obeying the law, be honest and always talk the truth. Public morality is concerned on decisions made and the action that is taken directed to real collectivity that is seen as the public. And this is to the entity or a group that is large that immediate social groups like family and clan.Decisions are justified as moral because they are judged to be in the interest of the public, and they may be moral from the standpoint of all interpretations of moral behavior for individuals. Example when killing is done by an individual it is commonly the crime of homicide and when done in warfare or law enforcement on behalf of the public it is termed as an act of duty and honor.The state and higher law It is necessary to understand complicated relationships of both moralities in the concept of higher law. It is simply put for our purpose, and it holds that there is a source and measure of righteousness that is above and beyond both individuals and government. In history there is this representation of justification of the revolution against the government of George III and also inspired the declaration of independence. Sophocles’ Antigone signifies the idea of a higher law in the case of laws of Zeus against those of the king. Discussion of higher law indicates that the initial quality of the public morality and the private morality in united states was simplistic. There is an important and the insufficiently appreciated distinction between the two. The apparent matters are: higher law doesn’t equate with only private morality as against the public. The sanctions can be claimed by the policy if it represents the sacred as well as the secular. The second one is that public-private distinction is but one example; the important one for our purpose is a class relationship that can be designed collectivity-person. Dwight Waldo (1913-2000) sums up his four decades of involvement as a practitioner and academic director of the governmental studies. He argues that we need maps and navigation instruments to guide through this subject. On his advice, he offers a public administrator on the firing line in the sorting out the ethical dilemmas that he or she faces. This is the reason as to why he suggested that there is the need to use maps because the number of obligations is rough and plainly arbitrary, and some of the items were wrongly included or should be combined.Need for navigation instruments There is the need for instruments to navigate through historical dimensions of the ethical problems in public administrationThe pyramid puzzle To solve some of the generic questions in the business and nonprofit private organizations and in the public administration, there should be the use of this puzzle. The affirmative case is that the hierarchy is a force that works both on the soft values of democracy and hard values of effectiveness.Observations and reflections The discussion indicated the spirit of nature, and further we observe the following observations and reflections.Twentieth century is distinguished by either its observance of greed moral codes or by its concentration on ethical inquiry but on the contrary decay of moral codes distinguishes it.The level of conscious ethical conduct does not reach complexity level in any country, but there is a problem in United States governments to an unusual degree. It states that the American immorality is very heavily in sexual and pecuniary terms. Ethical inquiry is dangerous. The foundations of morality resemble all other foundations. If you dig too much on them, the superstructure will come tumbling down. For this case, the digging has been done, and the superstructure is already down. (Samuel Butler 1946)

References

Ostrom, V. (1973). Intellectual crisis in American public administration.
Bernard, C. (1947). The nature of executive responsibility.