Example Of Economics For Business By (Name) Essay

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Economics for business
1. According to the WGC (World Gold Council) the factors affecting the price of gold imply monetary indicators of the US economy, namely the SDR rate to the US dollar, the monetary base, and US interest rates. Macroeconomic indicators and indicators of the monetary sector of the economy of other countries did not show significant correlation with the yield on the gold market. This demonstrates the dependence of the situation on the gold market is the state of the economy and monetary sphere in the United States, which is also due to historical and political reasons.
The features of the gold market determined by the fact that the gold is used by virtually all states as an insurance and reserve fund. The price of gold is perhaps the main external factor that has a huge impact on the cost of gold mining companies. A significant increase in the cost of these companies is observed in periods of rising price trend. It implies a mutually inverse effect that an increase in value of the shares of gold mining companies strengthened the interest of investors to buy the precious metal. Gold is widely in demand throughout the world. India, Greater China (China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), Turkey and the United States provide more than half of consumer demand. A different set of socioeconomic and cultural incentives to move each market, creating a wide range of factors influencing demand. Rapid demographic and other socioeconomic changes in many keys consuming nations are also likely to produce new kinds of demand in the foreseeable future. During the financial crisis of 2007-2009 had a significant negative impact on consumer spending. This led to a decline in sales of gold jewelry, especially in Western markets, with the United States, where there was a serious decline. However, demand for jewelry in India and Asia recovered, while China's consumption growth has been continuous jewelry. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of the gold price and the annual inflation rate in the United States shows that inflation spikes always accompanied by a rise in prices for precious metals.
Inflation devalues ​​savings of individuals and legal persons in currency current and term bank accounts, insurance policies and other paper assets with a fixed value. Rising gold prices in the international market of precious metals in recent years were characterized by high price volatility in the context of the ongoing global recession and increasing inflationary pressures, not only in the US but also the European Union and Japan. Another important factor affecting the price of gold is a change in the exchange rate system. The rise in price of gold in 2001 was a reflection of changes in the situation on the world market, which is characterized by sustained growth first, then a significant drop in the US dollar. Since the price of gold in US dollars, it is strongly influenced by changes in the exchange rates. It has long been seen an inverse relationship between the US dollar and the gold price. Not only the dollar but also the condition of the entire economy of the United States has an impact on global commodity markets, as the US is one of the largest producers and consumers of gold. For example, terrorist attacks in September 2001 in the United States completely destabilized the market of precious metals. Since the beginning of 2002, gold stocks showed strong growth, rising in value by tens and even hundreds of percent, while all major stock indices continued to lose ground.
In addition to the above factors affecting the dynamics of world prices for gold, they can be attributed to the growth of gold consumption in the manufacturing sector (high-tech manufacturing, jewelry manufacturing, dentistry), build national banks of many countries the volume of gold reserves, the dynamics of prices of other raw materials Items (a direct correlation with the prices of other precious metals, oil and an inverse relationship with the price of non-ferrous metals).
Long-term prognosis of most cost factors favors the growth of world prices for gold: inflation primarily in the United States in connection with the increase in military spending and the public deficit, the gradual depreciation of the US currency due to the decline in the world's share of the dollar in foreign exchange reserves of some countries, and the advent of a full-fledged single currency of the EU. The last, but perhaps the most objective factor contributing to the rise in prices is the basic excess of demand for the yellow metal over the offer. Every year the gold output grows slower increase in reserves is reduced. This fact creates the preconditions for a real deficit and sustainable growth rates.
Factors influencing the amount of supply of gold from the gold-mining industry is determined by the price of gold on the market, general economic conditions and the characteristics of technological progress. The main share in the supply of gold falls on its prey. However, production volumes have considerable inertia, respectively, offer gold mined each year is a relatively small variation - significantly less than the supply of scrap gold, gold sales by banks and investors. In the context of the specifics of the global gold market and its interaction with national economies need to highlight the counter state intervention in the movement flow of gold in the domestic economy. The public sector is associated with the rest of the economic system, with the participation in the regulation of flows of gold in three ways: through taxes, through public procurement and through loans. Currently, the macroeconomic research of the global gold market dominated understanding of the movement to equilibrium as a stochastic, probabilistic process based on the adjustment of expectations of economic agents. This reflects the fact that decisions on the volume of supply and demand of gold economic subjects taken at different times. If aggregate demand is generated in the current economic environment, influenced by current prices, decisions on the amount of supply of gold received in advance.
2. In order to achieve the well-being of society and the growth of the efficiency of its economy needs a certain correspondence between the marginal utility and marginal costs of production in each sector. The negative externalities from the use of personal transport imply an effect on society as excess exhaust, traffic congestion, noise and so on. These negative external effects lead to the fact that the marginal social benefit from the use of the personal transport is less than the personal marginal benefit for car driver. Therefore, if there is a negative consumption externality, the actual level of consumption is too high c the points of view of society. The damage caused to the public due to the loss of national income and the cost of treatment, destruction and damage to goods, vehicles and road facilities, estimated amounts that greatly exceed the cost of measures for safety.
Use of the car as the mass of the vehicle requires the development of the road network and construction of various transport facilities that have to take a large square, often to the detriment of other types of human activity. Additional losses of land associated with water and wind erosion, geo-dynamic processes, change of power and the level of groundwater. In this regard, the personal transportation may be considered as an independent management object. His environmental security represented by the complex legal, organizational, technical, economic activities and means of ensuring a minimum total impact of personal transportation on the environment. Completely eliminate the negative effects of motorization is impossible, so government needs to take effective measures for its strict limits and prudential regulation.
This problem must be addressed comprehensively and not in one or more parameters. The solution is to create a transport system with high efficiency and minimal impact on the environment. It may be agreed when the elements of the transport system (the driver, the road, the car) and the impact of management (organization and management of transportation, transport urban planning, legal and regulatory framework). Environmental requirements for modern cars is now a priority. Environmental security - a feature of the car to reduce the negative consequences of use of the vehicle on the road users and the environment. It aims to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases, noise reduction, reduction of RFI while driving. The government should introduce such methods of urban planning:
- Reduction in the density of population per unit area of ​​the city, building the necessary road infrastructure and engineering services for the resettlement of people in the suburbs, the preservation of the natural landscape of the inserts;
- The use of underground and surface space for the installation of transport and communications, parking.
It is necessary to state monitoring of the environment (state ecological monitoring). Also, to ensure environmental safety of the city you want to extend the main streets of the roadway for trucks to provide a detour. Then the emissions will be reduced significantly. The government should tighten the requirements for the control of the technical data of vehicles. The Company may pass on the vehicles using alternative energy sources (hybrid cars that use electricity and fuel, electric cars that use electricity, geilomobils). All this will lead to a more ecological future of the city.
Environmental monitoring is a complex system of observations of the state of the environment, assess and forecast changes in its status under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors state environmental monitoring are carried out by public authorities by taking individual samples of air in different areas of the city with the use of stationary items and mobile laboratories. As a result, determine the actual concentration of harmful substances. This information is used to prevent or reduce the adverse effects of environmental changes. Environmental control is a system of measures aimed at the prevention, detection and suppression of violations of the law enforcement agents road transport and other activities of requirements, including standards and regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection. The purpose of the - enforcement of environmental legislation, environmental compliance and environmental safety. Therefore, properly managing the process of movement of vehicles, you can organize the flow with minimal impact on the environment. Therefore, the traffic flow is a central link in the chain of organizational and technical measures to reduce the impact of road transport on the environment.