More Than Skin Deep Article Review Samples

At least everyone experiences the pain of cold and thirst. A research conducted showed that when human beings are undergoing thru this experience, their subjective feelings and border perception of are affected. For instance, one an individual feels thirsty he or she assumes the feeling is mutual to others around the individual and the same case happens when they are frightened. The research showed that perceptions have a way of overwhelming thought and mostly thirst related thoughts (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). However, it is argued that the same may be used to show a sense of shared similarities and commonality with other individuals. For that reason, one can argue that people use their experiences as a reference point to answer the feelings of others.
Further, in a demonstration of the egocentric projections, a number of individuals agreed to wear a sandwich board miscalculated the number of those who would agree to do it. In comparison to those who did not agree to wear the sandwich, the writer captures the assumptions of these two groups very well (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). Additionally, the assumption of students who cheated on their exam overestimated the likelihood of others doing it. Something that the two writers connects to the social projection of visceral feelings thus the tendency lies with an individual imagining another person’s condition by the individual first him or herself in that situation. Therefore, the statement that social projections of instinctive sentiments may reflect a more general projection of similarity may have some truth, but it stands to be challenged. However, the challenge was that if two individuals are different then the projection of visceral states might not occur. In strengthening this claim, O’Brien and Ellsworth state that previous research undertaken on the projection of the visceral show that individuals who do not share likings are less likely to generalize subjective states. Additionally, generation is also less likely to occur if the liking is only on perceived similarity grounds between people. O’Brien and Ellsworth decided to put the assumption into test, thus conducted two sets of research. In one, the test was cold and the other the study was on thirst (2012).
The feeling cold study was conducted during the winter period with the recruits being either outdoors or indoors and in it, O’Brien and Ellsworth predictions were that projection would be on shared political values grounds (2012). The study cohort was 120 students with their average age recorded at 19.48. Additionally, gender issues were considered and in it, 62.5% were female, and the rest were male. The research also considered race, however, the biggest percentage was from Caucasians at 73.3% (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012).
According to the results given from the test, one would say that the outcome was a success in that 30 indoor subjects and 31 outdoor stated that they had the same political views as the protagonist. The research eliminated all subjects with inconsistency responses from the list, thus making the research more accurate. The findings showed that participants in the outdoor were colder than those in the indoors. For that reason, it could not be distinguished if it was because of the atmosphere or the visceral state (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). Additionally, the individuals outside did not rate themselves as hungrier as or thirstier as those indoors when comparing with how they were when they started the test. For that reason, the test creates a gap when answering the issues pertaining accuracy of the research.
The political stand taken by the researcher was on similar and dissimilar grounds. As a result, the research became a replica of past researches conducted on the same case. Meaning, subjects in the outside environment showed similar conditions to the protagonist (94%) than those who were indoors who shared the sentiments at 57% only (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). The outcome of this showed that to this individual, cold were more unpleasant than thirst and hunger. However, participants who remained in the dissimilar grounds were unaffected by location (meaning that the outdoor condition was 55%, while the indoor condition was at 63%). More likely, outdoor participants had a high chance of choosing clothes in favor of food and water for the protagonist thus showing similarities (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). Additionally, outdoor subjects rated the protagonist as colder than those in the indoors, thus showing similar visceral states as the hiker (protagonist). To prove this O’Brien and Ellsworth indicated that outsiders had (M = 7.81, SD = 1.20) than indoors who had (M =5.50, SD=1.93) (2012). Those who were dissimilar proved to be unaffected by this test. For that reason, the obvious assumption of O’Brien and Ellsworth was proved true that individuals with the same likings project visceral states to others of the same (2012).
In the feeling thirsty study, participants were assigned two conditions, which was either the subjects felt thirsty or not. The assumption was that the subject would project thirstiness to a hiker who shared the same political views. The study entailed 141 student volunteers and had 19.01 years on average. 49.5% of them were female, and the rest were male, and on racial issues, 71.6% were Caucasian and the rest were mixtures of different races (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). For this study, O’Brien and Ellsworth created an atmosphere that had an equal number of both genders thus reducing gender as a factor that would affect the results (2012).
The subjects went into the library and received selected food and a salty snack that had the potential to induce thirst. The cohort was divided into two with one group receiving the snack without water, and the other got the snack with water. Later, the same comprehension used in the cold study was handed to them with the same questions. Participants of this test as well were unaware of the test, thus there were no biases in the research. The finds were that 35 were of similar political views as the hiker (protagonist) while the rest were of dissimilar views that were confirmed by a high consistency in answers given (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). Like the cold test, an individual with inconsistency answers were not included in the test, thus creating accuracy in the study. The finding noted that all parched subjects were thirsty as expected regardless of the similarity in political views. However, parched subjects did not rate themselves as feeling either hungrier or colder than those already quenched did (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012).
In the primary analysis, O’Brien and Ellsworth indicated that data was analyzed into two. On one end, there was the political orientation, which a participant was either similar or dissimilar and secondly, quenched or parched (2012). The use of this record in this study simplified things more than the cold study. In conclusion, of the experiment, subjects with similar views were more likely to indicate that their visceral projection than those with dissimilar views with the hiker (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012).
In general, the research came up with a number of truths in it. For example, O’Brien and Ellsworth state that sharing of values and believe is what distinguishes individual’s social life (2012). Consequently, the research conducted was an extension of this truth, and it indicated that subjects were unaffected by their cold when evaluating individuals with opposing political viewpoints as them. Further, the research proved that stereotyping plays a major role when it comes to measuring egocentric biases when judging others who do not share the same views (O'Brien & Ellsworth, 2012). The supporting arguments from different sources made the research article more accurate and convincing. O’Brien and Ellsworth ability to create room for further research questions made the research even better. In the end, the research is well written and the language used is friendly.

Reference

O'Brien, E., & Ellsworth, P. (2012). More Than Skin Deep: Visceral States Are Not Projected Onto Dissimilar Others. Psychological Science, 23(4), 391-396. doi:10.1177/0956797611432179